Ginger is a plant widely used and recognized for its bioactive compounds. Extensive evidence has been gathered showing that ginger possesses various biological activities, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
Among the 400 compounds found in ginger, four phenolic compounds are primarily responsible for its biological effects: gingerols, shogaols, paradols, and zingerone. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated their potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Oxidative stress occurs in the body when antioxidant mechanisms fail to function properly, leading to an imbalance between the production and elimination of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Ginger extract has been shown to stimulate the expression of several antioxidant enzymes and reduce the formation of ROS and lipid peroxidation.
The term “Reactive Oxygen Species” (ROS) refers to chemical molecules, such as free radicals or peroxides, that can damage cells and tissues due to their high reactivity. Examples of ROS include hydroxyl radicals, peroxynitrite, and superoxide anions. These molecules are naturally produced during metabolism, but external factors like radiation or a polluted environment can increase ROS levels. Chronic inflammation caused by free radicals can lead to pain and tissue destruction.
Lipid peroxidation is a process where free radicals attack and damage the lipids that make up cell membranes. This can result in cellular damage and death. When it is said that a substance reduces ROS and lipid peroxidation, it means that the substance or treatment decreases the generation of ROS in the body and, consequently, reduces damage to cell membranes. This is a beneficial effect, as the damage caused by ROS and lipid peroxidation is associated with various health problems, including chronic inflammatory conditions, cardiovascular diseases, and accelerated aging processes. Reducing ROS and lipid peroxidation can help prevent these issues and support the healthy functioning of cells and tissues.
A two-week interventional study using oral ginger supplements in patients with osteoarthritis demonstrated the effectiveness of ginger as a pain-relieving and anti-inflammatory compound. In recent years, it has also been discovered that ginger exhibits other biological effects, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-allergenic properties, as well as cancer prevention (e.g., improvement in markers associated with colorectal cancer risk).
Several studies have confirmed that ginger may help prevent cardiovascular diseases, related pathologies that are risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (such as diabetes, obesity, and metabolic syndrome), chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, arthritis, gastric dysfunction, pain, respiratory disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases.
Common inflammatory diseases, such as ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and lupus erythematosus, are often severe and share symptoms like inflammatory processes and immune system dysfunctions. Consuming ginger, with its anti-inflammatory properties, may improve the quality of life for patients suffering from these conditions.
